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Lesson Plans

The Western Heritage ©2000

by Kagan, Ozment, and Turner

Focus Lesson 7

Chapter 15: "Successful and Unsuccessful Paths to Power (1686–1740)"


AP* Course Description

  1. Intellectual and Cultural History
    • Scientific and technological developments and their consequences
    • Major trends in literature and the arts
    • Intellectual and cultural developments and their relationship to social values and political events
    • Developments in social, economic, and political thought
    • Developments in literacy, education, and communication
    • The diffusion of new intellectual concepts among different social groups
    • Changes in elite and popular culture, such as the development of new attitudes toward religion, the family, work, and ritual
    • Impact of global expansion on European culture
  2. Political and Diplomatic History
    • The rise and functioning of the modern state in its various forms
    • Relations between Europe and other parts of the world: colonialism, imperialism, decolonization, and global interdependence
    • The evolution of political elites and the development of political parties and ideologies
    • The extension and limitation of rights and liberties (personal, civic, economic, and political); majority and minority; political persecutions
    • The growth and changing forms of nationalism
    • Forms of political protest, reform, and revolution
    • Relationship between domestic and foreign policies
    • Efforts to restrain conflict: treaties, balance of power, diplomacy, and international organizations
    • War and civil conflict: origins, developments, technology, and their consequences
  3. Social and Economic History
    • The role of urbanization in transforming cultural values and social relationships
    • The shift in social structures from hierarchical orders to modern social classes: the changing distribution of wealth and poverty
    • The development of commercial practices and their economic and social impact
    • The origins, development, and consequences of industrialization
    • Changes in the demographic structure of Europe, their causes and consequences
    • Gender roles and their influence on work, social structure, family structure, and interest group formation
    • The growth of competition and interdependence in national and world markets
    • Private and state roles in economic activity

Key Components

  • Instructor's Manual: pp. 31–33
  • Study Guide and Workbook, Vol. II: pp. 20–28
  • Test Item File: pp. 78–83

Key Web Sites

Given the changing nature of the Internet, you may wish to preview these sites. Always check for updated links.

Key Words and Terms

  • maritime
  • Treaty of Westphalia
  • stadtholder
  • regent
  • monopoly
  • Whigs
  • Tories
  • boroughs
  • Habsburg
  • Great Northern War
  • Sejm
  • duchy
  • Pragmatic Sanction
  • Hohenzollern
  • continguous
  • Elector
  • Junkers
  • serfs
  • Kabinett
  • boyars
  • Streltsy
  • Table of Ranks
  • Old Believers

Suggested Pacing

Allow nine class periods on a traditional bell schedule with 45-minute class periods or five class periods on a block schedule of 90 minutes. In helping students to make connections among and between the Reformation and Counter-Reformation and the rise of nation-states, it would be useful to treat Chapters 12 (the age of religious wars), 13 (England and France in the Seventeenth century), and 15 (eastern Europe) as a unit of study. The total time for the three chapters could be three-and-a-half weeks.

Test Strategy

If a multiple-choice question appears easy, it really might be. Students should not automatically think that it is a trick question, but they should evaluate each answer carefully.

Key Concepts

  • Impact of sea power in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries
    Although trade had developed during the High Middle Ages in Italy, Germany, and Flanders, the center of trade through much of the Renaissance was Italy. As the Renaissance moved north, so did trade and financial power. By the late seventeenth century, trade was focused in the area of the Netherlands, France, and Great Britain. Over the next 50 years, Great Britain, through a series of advantageous decisions coupled with the political and economic decline of France and the Netherlands, eclipsed both countries in economic activity and power.

  • Russian detachment from Western Europe
    From the Mongol invasion through Vladimir's choice of the Orthodox faith, Russia had distanced itself from Western Europe. Around the turn of the eighteenth century, Peter the Great, through his studies and travels, flooded Russia with Western ideas. Although he worked hard to push, pull, and cajole Russia into accepting modern ideas and methods, he met with outright resistance from some of his subjects and disinterest from others.

Summing Up Student Understanding

The three families discussed in this chapter, the Habsburgs (also spelled Hapsburg), the Hohenzollerns, and the Romanovs, all developed their power in different ways and with different results. Have the students write a persuasive essay based on the following prompt:

Of the three major ruling families of Central and Eastern Europe in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, the Romanovs were the only family that did not achieve its goals. Do you agree or disagree with this statement? Write a well-reasoned essay presenting your opinion and supporting it with facts.

Students' essays should deal with:

  • how these families came to power.
  • what the origins of their power were.
  • what their goals were.
  • what impeded and/or led to the accomplishment of their goals.
  • whether they were successful.

Some facts that students might include are:

  • The Habsburgs, as a family that had held power for several centuries, primarily in Austria and Spain, strove successfully to enlarge their holdings, though their empire would be challenged by the Hohenzollerns.
  • The Hohenzollerns, in the German states to the north of Austria, wanted to consolidate their fragmented territories into one powerful nation. Although they created a militarily powerful Prussia, the Hohenzollerns wanted to control "Germany." This brought them face to face with the Habsburgs, initially in a struggle over Silesia.

The Romanovs, as leaders of an Eastward-looking country, had to not only pull together a large geographical region as a coherent nation, but had to modernize it as well. This objective, though promoted vigorously by Peter the Great, had not been accomplished by the time of Peter's death. The struggle for power that ensued after his death undermined his ideal of a stable, modern (Westward-looking) nation-state.

ADDITIONAL RESOURCES

You might also find these additional readings useful to develop students' background knowledge or for DBQ activities:

  • Sources of the West, Vol. II, edited by Kishlausky—Part IV, "Enlightened Monarchy"

 
 
 
 

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