This chapter explains the concepts of equivalence and normality and discusses the hydrolysis of salts, the use of buffers, and the common ion effect. It presents titration as a procedure that can be used to find the concentration of an acid or base. The chapter begins with a description of acid-base reactions.

In this chapter, you will learn: to explain how titration is used to calculate the concentration of an acid or a base to explain the concept of equivalence in neutralization reactions to demonstrate with equations how buffers resist changes to pH to calculate the solubility product constant of a slightly soluble salt