CHAPTER 29: Skin, Skeletal, and Muscular Systems
- The Visible Human Project
- A 39-year-old convicted murderer willed his body to science.
After his execution, his body was frozen, cut into one-millimeter-thick slices, and photographed. The data were made available
in 1994 on the Internet by the National Library of Medicine,
data that has been used in a multitude of medical applications.
To view two- and three-dimensional representations of the human
body based on these data, visit any of these sites:
- Center for Human Simulation: The University of Colorado developed three-dimensional reconstructions and surgical simulations from the Visible Human dataset. They have cross-sections from the visible female, as well as the visible male.
- A Guided Tour of the Visible Human: The MAD Scientist Network at Washington University in St. Louis describes the Project: how the sections were made, how two-dimensional slices can create three-dimensional views, and what the three planes of the human body are. It also has a section where it identifies a body part that you click on, and lets you search for an image of a specific body part.
- Visible Human Cross-Sections: The muscles, bones, and features of each slice are labeled and accompanied by corresponding MRI and CT images from Loyola University in Chicago.
- Centre for Information Enhanced Medicine (CieMed): Johns Hopkins University and the Institute of Systems Science at the National University of Singapore worked together to create these three-dimensional medical software applications.
- BodyQuest
- BodyQuest is a site designed to explain human anatomy to students ages 11–16. Try starting with the tour, which gives you an overview of the human body and allows you to find more detailed information.
- The Atlas of the Body
- This is an interactive exploration of muscles, internal organs,
and skeleton of the human body from the American Medical Association.
Click on a structure to find out what it is and what it does.
- The Human Animal: An Introduction
- This page from Sidwell Friends School in Washington, D.C. shows slides of connective, muscle, nerve, and epithelial tissues at different magnifications.
- Introductory Anatomy: Bones
- This page briefly describes the forms and functions of bones.
These lecture notes are from The Centre for Human Biology at
the University of Leeds (U.K.).
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- Human Anatomy Online
- To get to the interactive tutorial of the skeletal system,
click on the skull button. Roll over the image, then roll over
the multicolored diamonds to learn the name of each structure.
Click on the labels that pop up for a longer description of that
structure. If the pop-up label has a magnifying glass icon, click
on the glass for a detailed diagram of that structure. Pages
on related topics are available beneath the graphic.
- The Interactive Knee
- Click on a bone, muscle, or other tissue of the knee and
get a description of its function and action. This interactive
joint resource was created by the University of Pennsylvania
Medical Center.
- Arthroscopic Surgery
- If you participate in high-impact sports, you may have heard of this knee surgery. This site offers the opportunity to ask a doctor questions you may have about the procedure.
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- Muscles In Action
- What's the difference between abduction and adduction? Learn
the names of body movements, then see how these movements are
accomplished by viewing movies and photographs of the body in
action at this University of Michigan site.
- The PolyPEDAL Lab
- Did you know that cockroaches run on their hind legs? Or
that there is an animal that travels like a wheel? The PolyPEDAL
lab of Berkeley studies animal locomotion and has made several
surprising discoveries that have been applied to walking robot
designs.
- Muscular System
- To get to this part of the BodyQuest human anatomy site, click on Muscular System under Find. Here you can learn about different muscles, view graphics, and test your knowledge by playing a game.
- Muscles & Nerves
- Read this page for an in-depth look at the form and function
of muscles. These lecture notes from The Centre for Human Biology
at the University of Leeds (U.K.) describe the mechanics of the
muscle system, as well as its interaction with the skeletal and
nervous systems to produce organized movement.
- Master Muscle List
- This description of every single skeletal muscle in the human
body, including the bones they connect to and what each muscle
does, comes from Loyola University in Chicago.
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- SKINEMA: Dermatology in the Cinema
- Movie critic Gene Siskel has said, "This is my favorite
movie site on the Web." Dr. Vail Reese, dermatologist and
movie buff, takes a look at the skin conditions of celebrities,
the portrayal of skin conditions in the movies, and the use of
skin ailments to signify evil. This fascinating approach to dermatology
is a must-see.
- An Introduction to Skin Cancer
- This resource links and summarizes a variety of health and
environmental resources, including NASA, the World Meteorological
Association, the EPA, the National Cancer Institute, and UV forecasts
from all over the world.
- The Integumentary System
- This review of the skin and its associated structures is
hyperlinked to glossary terms. It comes from Michael Farabee
at Maricopa Community College.
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